1. The need to restrict air movement in and between the various departments (no cross movement).
2. The specific requirements for ventilation and filtration to dilute and reduce contamination in the form of odor, airborne micro organisms and viruses, and hazardous chemical and radioactive substances. Ventilation effectiveness is very important to maintain appropriate indoor air quality.
3. The different temperature and humidity requirements for various areas and the accurate control of environmental conditions.
4. The design sophistication to minimize the risk of transmission of airborne pathogens and preserve a sterile and healing environment for patients and staff.
These requirements demand very high quantities of outside air along with significant treatment of this ventilation air, including cooling, dehumidifying, reheating, humidifying and filtration
Contents
SECTION 1
HVAC FOR HEALTHCARE FACILITIES – AN OVERVIEW
Infection Control
Contact Transmission
Droplet Transmission
Airborne Transmission
ISOLATION ROOMS
- Airborne infection isolation (AII)
- Protective environment (PE)
How does above classification affect HVAC designer?
SECTION 2
HVAC CONTROL PARAMETERS FOR ISOLATION ROOMS
GENERAL VENTILATION
AIR CHANGE RATES
ROOM PRESSURE CONTROL
CLASS N – NEGATIVE PRESSURE ISOLATION ROOMS
Emergency Rooms and Reception Areas
CLASS P – POSITIVE PRESSURE ISOLATION ROOMS
Infection Control and Ventilation Requirements for PE rooms
Infection-Control and Ventilation Requirements for Operating Rooms
Special Challenges
ANTE ROOMS
Anteroom negative to both isolation room and corridor
Design # 2:
Anteroom positive to both isolation room and corridor
Design # 3:
Anteroom net neutral; negative to isolation room and positive to corridor
MONITORING OF ROOM PRESSURE
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL OF AIRFLOW
AIR DISTRIBUTION
Laminar Flow
AIR FILTRATION
High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters
Portable HEPA Filters
Odor Control
Air Filtration to Protect HVAC Equipment
Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI)
LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
Laboratories and Special Procedure Rooms
Kitchen Ventilation
Locker Room, Toilet, and Shower Space Ventilation
TEMPERAURE & HUMIDITY CONTROL
Temperature Control
Humidity Control
Dehumidification
Humidification
Temperature and Humidity Controls
REFERENCE STANDARDS
SECTION 3
HVAC SYSTEM & EQUIPMENT DESIGN
Type of HVAC System - Isolation Rooms and Critical Examination Rooms
Type of HVAC System - Normal Patient Care Rooms, Administrative and Non-critical Areas
CHILLERS
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM
Air Handling Equipment Sizing Criteria
Air Handling Units Specifications
Exhaust Fans
Air Distribution Ductwork
Noise Criteria
Duct Sizing Criteria
Pipe Sizing Criteria
HVAC EQUIPMENT LOCATION AND INSTALLATION
Air Handling Equipment
Cooling Towers
Air Intakes and Outlets
SECTION 4
CONTINGENCIES FOR HVAC DESIGN
Loss of Power
Code required systems
Generator-related equipment
Fire safety systems
Heating equipment to maintain inside design temperature where the outside design temperature is lower than +20°F
Supply, return, and exhaust air systems serving the following areas
HVAC Equipment serving above areas
HVAC system impact on generator size
SECTION 5
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Recommended Elements
- Room Pressurization
- Case-1: Assuming 0.05” w.g. positive pressurization
- Case-2: Assume 0.1” w.g. positive pressurization
- For case-1: 1800 CFM leakage
- For case-2: 2530 CFM leakage
- Use of Variable Air Volume Supply and Return Systems
Caution
- Optimal Equipment Sizing
- Optimizing Air distribution and Reducing Pressure Drop
- Efficient Filtration
- Heat Recovery Devices
Caution
- Selecting High Efficiency Equipment
- Don’t Overcool the Spaces
Caution
- Challenge the room volume
- Consider Alternate Cooling Strategies
CONCLUSION
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