HOW TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY IN REFRIGERATION

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
2. THE REFRIGERATION PROCESS
2.1 The vapour compression cycle
2.2. Reverse Carnot Cycle
2.2.1 Coefficient of Performance
2.3 Theoretical Vapour Compression Cycle
2.3.1 Model Coefficient of Performance
2.3.2 Practical Considerations
2.4 Absorption Cycle
2.5 Special Refrigeration Systems
2.6 Variations on the simple Carnot circuit
2.6.1 Suction/liquid heat exchanger
2.7 Multiple evaporator circuits
2.7.1 Multiple compressor Systems
2.7.2 Cascade Systems
2.7.3 Heat Pump Systems
3. EQUIPMENT Compressors
3.1.1 Types of compressor housing
3.1.2 Hermetic and semi-hermetic compressors
3.1.3 Open compressors
3.1.4 Reciprocating compressors
3.1.5 Screw compressors
3.1.6 Scroll compressors
3.1.7 Compressor performance data
3.1.8 Capacity control
3.2 Evaporators
3.2.1 Direct expansion
3.2.2 Flooded
3.2.3 Oil control in evaporators
3.2.4 Energy efficient operation of evaporators
3.2.5 Defrosting
3.3 Expansion devices
3.3.1 Thermostatic expansion valves
3.3.2 Float valve systems
3.4 Condensers
3.4.1 Air-cooled condensers
3.4.2 Water-cooled condensers
3.4.3 Evaporative condensers
3.4.4 Loss of condenser efficiency due to air in system
4. REFRIGERANTS
4.1 Desirable Characteristics
4.2 Common Refrigerants - Vapour Compression Cycles
4.3 Common Refrigerants - Absorption Cycle
4.4 Brines and Secondary Coolants
5. ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
5.1 Housekeeping Opportunities
5.1.1 General maintenance
5.1.2 Plant operation
5.1.3 Instrumentation
5.1.4 Trouble shooting
5.1.5 Housekeeping Worked Examples
5.2 Low Cost Opportunities
5.2.1 Low Cost Worked Examples
5.3 Retrofit Opportunities
APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
APPENDIX 2: ENERGY, VOLUME AND MASS CONVERSION FACTORS
APPENDIX 3: EXAMPLE OF MEASURING COP DIRECTLY
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