Energy management is central to all building functions. HVAC systems typically account for over one third of a facility’s energy consumption, so it is imperative to properly manage the operation of HVAC systems to ensure economical operation while providing a comfortable, safe environment for occupants.
One group of tools widely recommended for HVAC system performance testing, verification, and energy audits are test and balance instrumentation. These tools are designed to measure air velocity, air volume, temperature, humidity, CO2, and noise level from heating and air conditioning ventilation ducts to identify problems with airflows, outside air mixing, system balancing, indoor air quality, and occupant comfort. Test instruments provide a means to properly measure and document key HVAC parameters by identifying potential energy conservation measures that can significantly reduce facility energy expenditures.
Measurement tools will help assess the operating efficiencies and discover system problems such as clogged filters, dirty coils, inoperative dampers, improperly programmed building control system loops, excessive outside air, defective thermostats and sensors, and simultaneous heating and cooling—all of which contribute to inefficient HVAC system operation, wasting considerable money. Information from testing is used in building and HVAC system commissioning reports, used to benchmark system performance, and to identify areas of energy waste.
Today’s HVAC systems must be energy efficient, satisfy stringent indoor air quality and comfort expectations, and still be designed/constructed within tight budgets. System designs meeting these demands have many components, sub-systems, and controls. Building construction involves many specialized trades that often work independently of one another which can produce HVAC systems that may not perform properly. Without measurement and verification of the optimum operation of systems, performance will fall far short of design specifications, increasing building operating costs needlessly while wasting energy.
Alnor products are ideal for commissioning projects since they are portable and have datalogging capabilities, making it easy to document system performance on a regular basis. Alnor test instruments are available for many different measurement applications and are designed to save money and minimize testing time. These tools can quickly pay for themselves when properly used to measure, diagnose, and correct building HVAC system performance. In addition, these tools can be used to periodically spot-check systems to confirm efficient and economical operation as part of a buildingwide, systematic, preventative maintenance program.
Contents
Introduction
General
HVAC Systems, Comfort, and Energy Management
TAB: Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing
Certification and Clean-air Measurements
IAQ
Combustion Analysis
Measurement Instrumentation
Capture Hoods
Mechanical (Analog) Capture Hoods
Digital Capture Hoods
Digital Capture Hoods with Differential Pressure Sensor
Thermo-Anemometers (Hot-Wires)
Basic Thermo-Anemometers
Thermo-Anemometers with Mathematical Calculations
Comprehensive Thermo-Anemometers
Rotating Vane Anemometers
Mechanical Rotating Vanes
Digital Rotating Vanes
Deflecting Vane (Swinging Vane) Anemometers
6000AP Velometer
Velometer Jr
Manometers
Inclined Gauge Manometer
Digital Micromanometer
Digital Auto-Zeroing Micromanometer
Pitot Tube
Hydronics
Mechanical Gauges
Digital Hydronic Manometers
IAQ: Ventilation and Carbon Dioxide
Basic CO2 Instrumentation
CO2 and Comfort Instrumentation
Thermo-Hygrometers: Temperature and Relative Humidity
Basic Thermo-Hygrometers
Datalogging Thermo-Hygrometers
Manual Gas Measurements (Combustion System)
Portable Electronic Combustion Analysis Instruments
Continuous Emission Monitors
Measurement Basics
HVAC System Performance
Measuring Air Velocity and Air Volume at Supply Grilles/Diffusers
Nonuniform Flow Corrections
Static Pressure Measurement
Exhaust Grille Measurements
Duct Traversing: Low to High Velocities and at High Air Temperatures
Measuring Air Velocity in Open Areas
Testing and Certification
Differential Pressure Measurement Between Two Rooms or Areas
Spray Booths
Laboratory Hoods
Unit Ventilators
Measuring Slot Velocities
Clean Room Testing and Certification
Thermal Comfort and IAQ
Air Temperature Measurement
Relative Humidity Measurement
CO2 Measurements
Taking Gas Samples
Temperature and Draft Measurements
Soot Measurements
Appendixes
Appendix A—Performing a Duct Traverse
Where to Take the Measurement
Traversing a Round Duct
Traversing a Square Duct
Appendix B—Capture Hood Flow Resistance
Appendix C—Characterizing a Capture Hood to an Outlet Using a Correction Factor
Appendix D—Determining the Percentage of Outside Air Using Either Temperature or CO2 Measurements
Appendix E—Air Changes per Hour (ACH)
Appendix F—Thermal Comfort: Temperature and Humidity
Appendix G—Density Correction
Density Correction for Thermo-Anemometers
Density Correction for Pressure Based Manometers or Deflecting Vane Anemometers
Appendix H—Useful Calculations
Total Pressure Formula
Converting Velocity Pressure to fpm
Air Flow Formulas
Area Formulas
Subtracting Obstructions From Area
Hydronic Equations
Appendix I—Common HVAC Blueprint Symbols
Appendix J—Typical HVAC System Showing Some Measurement Locations
Appendix K—Fuel Specifications and Energy Units
Fuel Specifications
Energy Units
Appendix L—Sample Boiler Tune-Up Procedure
Tune-up Procedure—Using an Electronic Combustion Analyzer
Glossary
References
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