Balancing of a water and air system

A well performed testing, adjusting and balancing (TAB) of a HVAC system is essential for the proper performance of that system and can enhance indoor air quality and efficiency. Chapter 37 of the ASHRAE 2003 HVAC Applications Handbook gives the following definition of TAB:
HVAC system testing, adjusting, and balancing (TAB) is the process of checking and adjusting all environmental systems in a building to produce the design objectives. This process includes.
(1) Balancing air and water distribution systems
(2) Adjusting the total system to provide design quantities
(3) Electrical measurement
(4) Establishing quantitative performance of all equipment
(5) Verifying automatic control system operation and sequences of operation
(6) Sound and vibration measurement
These procedures are accomplished by checking installations for conformity to design, measuring and establishing the fluid quantities of the system as required meeting design specifications, and recording and reporting the results.

Contents
TBA (Testing, Balancing and Adjusting)
Testing and Balancing
- Preliminary office work
- Preliminary field inspection
- Preliminary procedures
The Preliminary Procedures
- Air Side
- Water Side
- Boiler
- Chiller and Condenser
- Electrical
- Controls
The Balancing Procedures
- Air Side
- Water Side
Airflow Measurement
- CFM, FPM, FT²
- Duct Flow
- Pitot tube Traverses
- Round Duct
- Square or Rectangular
- Flat Oval
Duct Friction loss
Duct Velocity
Balancing devices
- Volume dampers
- Turning vanes
Air Balancing Tolerances
Dual-Duct systems
VAV system
Fan tracking
Volumetric tracking
Plenum Pressurization tracking
Induction systems
Duct system pressure
- Static pressure
- Velocity pressure
- Total pressure
Calculation of CFM from Heat flow
- Air Density
- Enthalpy
Kitchen Ventilation
- Air Balancing
- Multiple Hood system
Hydronic Balancing system
- Heat at reduced flow rate
Hydronic pressure measuring instruments
Hydronic flow measuring
Venturi
Water side balancing
- Equipment
- Record Keeping
Sizing Balancing Valves
Hydronic balancing Methods
- Preparation
- System Preparation
- Pump start up
- Confirmation of system venting
- Balancing
- Balancing by Temperature Difference
- Proportional balancing
Pump Hydronic Volume Measurement
- Verification of Impeller size
- Determine Pump flow
Centrifugal pump performance
Net positive suction head
Valves
- Automatic valves
- Two-way valves
- Three-way valves
Constant volume water balancing procedure
Variable volume water balancing procedure
Expansion or compression tanks
Air Separators
Strainers
Valves
- Manual valves
- Gate valves
- Globe valves
- Plug valves
- Ball valves
- Butterfly valves
Series Loop
One pipe main
Primary-Secondary
Water cooling chiller
Air cooled chiller
Field Performance testing of chillers
- General Procedures
- Cooling tower testing
Report of results
Evaluating the test
Cooling towers
- Water Temperature
- Inlet air temperature
- Water flow rate measurement
- Fan motor power
- Wind Velocity
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