HVAC FORMULAS

Contents
TON OF REFRIGERATION
APPROXIMATELY 2 inches in Hg. (mercury) = 1 psi
WORK =
ONE HORSEPOWER =
CONVERTING KW to BTU
CONVERTING BTU to KW
COULOMB =
OHM'S LAW =
WATTS (POWER) =
U FACTOR =
ONE FARAD CAPACITY =
MFD (microfarad) =
LRA (Locked rotor amps) =
TEV (shown in equilibrium)
RPM of motor =
DRY AIR =
WET AIR =
SPECIFIC DENSITY =
SPECIFIC DENSITY OF AIR =
STANDARD AIR =
SENSIBLE HEAT FORMULA (Furnaces):
ENTHALPHY = h =
TOTAL HEAT FORMULA
RELATIVE HUMIDITY =
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY =
DEW POINT =
TOTAL PRESSURE (Ductwork) =
CFM =
RETURN AIR GRILLES –
3 PHASE VOLTAGE UNBALANCE =
NET OIL PRESSURE =
COMPRESSION RATIO =
HEAT PUMP AUXILIARY HEAT –
ARI HEAT PUMP RATING POINTS =
NON-BLEND REFRIGERANTS:
BLENDS –
28 INCHES OF WC =
NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION:
GAS PIPING (Sizing – CF/hr.) =
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS
COMBUSTION AIR NEEDED
ULTIMATE CO2
CALCULATING OIL NOZZLE SIZE (GPH):
FURNACE EFFICIENCY:
OIL BURNER STACK TEMPERATURE (Net) =
KELVIN TO CELSIUS:
CELSIUS TO KELVIN:
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE MEASURED IN KELVINS
SINE = side opposite
COSINE = side adjacent
TANGENT =
PERIMETER OF SQUARE:
PERIMETER OF RECTANGLE:
PERIMETER OF SQUARE
PERIMETER OF CIRCLE:
AREA OF SQUARE:
AREA OF RECTANGLE:
AREA OF TRIANGLE:
AREA OF CIRCLE:
VOLUME OF RECTANGULAR SOLID:
VOLUME OF CYLINDRICAL SOLID:
CAPACITANCE IN SERIES:
CAPACITANCE IN PARALLEL:
GAS LAWS:
Charles’ Law:
General Gas Law:
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM:
Capacity of Schedule 80 steel pipe in foot per length in US gallons:
Infrared Thermometer Adjustment Values:
Aluminum
Brass
Chromium
Copper
Iron and Steel
Nickel
Zinc
Brick
Paints
Roofing Paper
Rubber
Water
Material/Weight (Ib./ft³)/Specific Heat (Btu/lb)
Gases
Metals
Liquids
Linear Measurement Equivalents (U.S. Conventional - SI Metric)
Area Equivalents ( U.S. to Metric )
Volume Equivalents ( U.S. and Metric )
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Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

Refrigeration and its application is met in almost every branch of industry, so that practitioners in other fields find that they have to become aware of its principles, uses and limitations. This book aims to introduce students and professionals in other disciplines to the fundamentals of the subject, without involving the reader too deeply in theory.

The subject matter is laid out in logical order and covers the main uses and types of equipment. In the ten years since the last edition there have been major changes in the choice of refrigerants due to environmental factors and an additional chapter is introduced to reflect this. This issue is on-going and new developments will appear over the next ten years. This issue has also affected servicing and maintenance of refrigeration equipment and there is an increased pressure to improve efficiency in the reduction of energy use.

This edition reflects these issues, whilst maintaining links with the past for users of existing plant and systems. There have also been changes in packaged air-conditioning equipment and this has been introduced to the relevant sections. The book gives worked examples of many practical applications and shows options that are available for the solution of problems in mechanical cooling systems. It is not possible for these pages to contain enough information to design a complete refrigeration system. The design principles are outlined. Finally,

Contents
1 Fundamentals
2 The refrigeration cycle
3 Refrigerants
4 Compressors
5 Oil in refrigerant circuits
6 Condensers and water towers
7 Evaporators
8 Expansion valves
9 Controls and other circuit components
10 Selection and balancing of components
11 Materials. Construction. Site erection
12 Liquid chillers. Ice. Brines. Thermal storage
13 Packaged units
14 Refrigeration of foods. Cold storage practice
15 Cold store construction
16 Refrigeration in the food trades – meats and fish
17 Refrigeration for the dairy, brewing and soft drinks industries
18 Refrigeration for fruit, vegetables and other foods
19 Food freezing. Freeze-drying
20 Refrigerated transport, handling and distribution
21 Refrigeration load estimation
22 Industrial uses of refrigeration
23 Air and water vapour mixtures
24 Air treatment cycles
25 Practical air treatment cycles
26 Air-conditioning load estimation
27 Air movement
28 Air-conditioning methods
29 Dehumidifiers and air drying
30 Heat pumps. Heat recovery
31 Control systems
32 Commissioning
33 Operation. Maintenance. Service. Fault-finding. Training
34 Efficiency and economy in operation
35 Catalogue selection
Appendix Units of measurement
References
Index
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HVAC AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

HVAC and Refrigeration System: Vapor compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerants, Coefficient of performance, Capacity, Factors affecting Refrigeration and Air conditioning system performance and savings opportunities.
Vapor absorption refrigeration system: Working principle, Types and comparison with vapor compression system, Saving potential

Contents
Introduction
Types of Refrigeration System
Common Refrigerants and Properties
Compressor Types and Application
Selection of a Suitable Refrigeration System
Performance Assessment of Refrigeration Plants
Factors Affecting Performance & Energy Efficiency of Refrigeration Plants
Energy Saving Opportunities
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Balancing of a water and air system

A well performed testing, adjusting and balancing (TAB) of a HVAC system is essential for the proper performance of that system and can enhance indoor air quality and efficiency. Chapter 37 of the ASHRAE 2003 HVAC Applications Handbook gives the following definition of TAB:
HVAC system testing, adjusting, and balancing (TAB) is the process of checking and adjusting all environmental systems in a building to produce the design objectives. This process includes.
(1) Balancing air and water distribution systems
(2) Adjusting the total system to provide design quantities
(3) Electrical measurement
(4) Establishing quantitative performance of all equipment
(5) Verifying automatic control system operation and sequences of operation
(6) Sound and vibration measurement
These procedures are accomplished by checking installations for conformity to design, measuring and establishing the fluid quantities of the system as required meeting design specifications, and recording and reporting the results.

Contents
TBA (Testing, Balancing and Adjusting)
Testing and Balancing
- Preliminary office work
- Preliminary field inspection
- Preliminary procedures
The Preliminary Procedures
- Air Side
- Water Side
- Boiler
- Chiller and Condenser
- Electrical
- Controls
The Balancing Procedures
- Air Side
- Water Side
Airflow Measurement
- CFM, FPM, FT²
- Duct Flow
- Pitot tube Traverses
- Round Duct
- Square or Rectangular
- Flat Oval
Duct Friction loss
Duct Velocity
Balancing devices
- Volume dampers
- Turning vanes
Air Balancing Tolerances
Dual-Duct systems
VAV system
Fan tracking
Volumetric tracking
Plenum Pressurization tracking
Induction systems
Duct system pressure
- Static pressure
- Velocity pressure
- Total pressure
Calculation of CFM from Heat flow
- Air Density
- Enthalpy
Kitchen Ventilation
- Air Balancing
- Multiple Hood system
Hydronic Balancing system
- Heat at reduced flow rate
Hydronic pressure measuring instruments
Hydronic flow measuring
Venturi
Water side balancing
- Equipment
- Record Keeping
Sizing Balancing Valves
Hydronic balancing Methods
- Preparation
- System Preparation
- Pump start up
- Confirmation of system venting
- Balancing
- Balancing by Temperature Difference
- Proportional balancing
Pump Hydronic Volume Measurement
- Verification of Impeller size
- Determine Pump flow
Centrifugal pump performance
Net positive suction head
Valves
- Automatic valves
- Two-way valves
- Three-way valves
Constant volume water balancing procedure
Variable volume water balancing procedure
Expansion or compression tanks
Air Separators
Strainers
Valves
- Manual valves
- Gate valves
- Globe valves
- Plug valves
- Ball valves
- Butterfly valves
Series Loop
One pipe main
Primary-Secondary
Water cooling chiller
Air cooled chiller
Field Performance testing of chillers
- General Procedures
- Cooling tower testing
Report of results
Evaluating the test
Cooling towers
- Water Temperature
- Inlet air temperature
- Water flow rate measurement
- Fan motor power
- Wind Velocity
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McQuay Controllers Handbook

Table of Contents
Direct Expansion System
Single Split – Single Compressor (D2.0)
Single Split – Single Compressor (U1.5)
Single Split – Single Compressor (L208)
Single Split – Multi Compressor (SQ1.0)
Multi Split – Indoor Controller (MS10)
Multi Split – Outdoor Controller (MS5)
Chilled Water System
Fan Coil Unit – W1V3
Fan Coil Unit – W2
Mini Chiller – Single Compressor (MCH1)
Mini Chiller – Multi Compressor (MC1.0)
Handset
Sequential LCD
Netware 3
G6
SLM3
G7
G11
Appendix
Controllers’ Development
PCB Identification
Thermistor
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COMPRESSOR TECHNICAL HANDBOOK

 Table of Contents
1. Contents of Technical Manual
1-1. Catalogue Contents
1-2. Compressor Application Guide
1-3. Specification sheet
1-4. Compressor Technical Handbook

2. Basic Classification of LGEIL Compressor
2-1. Compressor Ranges
2-2. Application
2-3. Starting Torque Classification
2-4. Motor Types
2-5. Voltages & Frequencies
2-6. Compressor Electrical Components
2-7. Cooling Types
2-8. Compressor Nameplates Identification
2-9. Wiring Diagram

3. Supply Condition
3-1. Electrical Safety
3-2. Electrical Parts Safety
3-3. Hydrostatic Strength Of Compressor Shell
3-4. Residual Humidity
3-5. Oil Charge
3-6. Minimum Amount of Oil Lubricant
3-7. Acceptable Compressor Transportation and Lay-down Position
3-8. Inner Pressure Of Compressor
3-9. Painting
3-10. Compressor Packing: PAD Material Type
3-11. Compressor Packing : Cover Type
3-12. Compressor Packing Label
3-13. Compressor Packing Storage
3-14. Compressor Samples Packing
3-15. Packing Quantity in 20” Container

4. Installation of Compressor
4-1. Compressor Selection
4-2. Compressor Unpacking
4-3. Preparation of Refrigerating System Components
4-4. R134a Guide Line
4-5. Filter Dryer Selection
4-6. Capillary Tubes
4-7. Application of Rubber Grommets
4-8 Mounting Accessory Type
4-9. Mounting Type & Pitches
4-10. Terminal Protector Type
4-11. Welding of Compressor Tubes
4-12. Cooling Of Compressor
4-13. Vacuum Operations
4-14. Refrigerant Charge
4-15. Refrigerant Leaks Control
4-16. Electric Supply
4-17. Compressor Checking Procedures
4-18. Disclaimer of Liability

5. How to Return Supplied Compressor to LGEIL
5-1. Conditions
5-2. Return of Rejected Products
5-3. Test on the Customer Applications






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HVAC Design for Healthcare Facilities

HVAC design for health care facilities is all about providing a safer environment for patients and staff. The basic difference between air conditioning for healthcare facility and that of other building types stem from:

1. The need to restrict air movement in and between the various departments (no cross movement).
2. The specific requirements for ventilation and filtration to dilute and reduce contamination in the form of odor, airborne micro organisms and viruses, and hazardous chemical and radioactive substances. Ventilation effectiveness is very important to maintain appropriate indoor air quality.
3. The different temperature and humidity requirements for various areas and the accurate control of environmental conditions.
4. The design sophistication to minimize the risk of transmission of airborne pathogens and preserve a sterile and healing environment for patients and staff.

These requirements demand very high quantities of outside air along with significant treatment of this ventilation air, including cooling, dehumidifying, reheating, humidifying and filtration


Contents
SECTION 1
HVAC FOR HEALTHCARE FACILITIES – AN OVERVIEW
Infection Control
Contact Transmission
Droplet Transmission
Airborne Transmission
ISOLATION ROOMS
- Airborne infection isolation (AII)
- Protective environment (PE)
How does above classification affect HVAC designer?
SECTION  2
HVAC CONTROL PARAMETERS FOR ISOLATION ROOMS
GENERAL VENTILATION
AIR CHANGE RATES
ROOM PRESSURE CONTROL
CLASS N – NEGATIVE PRESSURE ISOLATION ROOMS
Emergency Rooms and Reception Areas
CLASS P – POSITIVE PRESSURE ISOLATION ROOMS
Infection Control and Ventilation Requirements for PE rooms
Infection-Control and Ventilation Requirements for Operating Rooms
Special Challenges
ANTE ROOMS
Anteroom negative to both isolation room and corridor
Design # 2:
Anteroom positive to both isolation room and corridor
Design # 3:
Anteroom net neutral; negative to isolation room and positive to corridor
MONITORING OF ROOM PRESSURE
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL OF AIRFLOW
AIR DISTRIBUTION
Laminar Flow
AIR FILTRATION
High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters
Portable HEPA Filters
Odor Control
Air Filtration to Protect HVAC Equipment
Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI)
LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
Laboratories and Special Procedure Rooms
Kitchen Ventilation
Locker Room, Toilet, and Shower Space Ventilation
TEMPERAURE & HUMIDITY CONTROL
Temperature Control
Humidity Control
Dehumidification
Humidification
Temperature and Humidity Controls
REFERENCE STANDARDS
SECTION 3
HVAC SYSTEM & EQUIPMENT DESIGN
Type of HVAC System - Isolation Rooms and Critical Examination Rooms
Type of HVAC System - Normal Patient Care Rooms, Administrative and Non-critical Areas
CHILLERS
AIR HANDLING SYSTEM
Air Handling Equipment Sizing Criteria
Air Handling Units Specifications
Exhaust Fans
Air Distribution Ductwork
Noise Criteria
Duct Sizing Criteria
Pipe Sizing Criteria
HVAC EQUIPMENT LOCATION AND INSTALLATION
Air Handling Equipment
Cooling Towers
Air Intakes and Outlets
SECTION 4
CONTINGENCIES FOR HVAC DESIGN
Loss of Power
Code required systems
Generator-related equipment
Fire safety systems
Heating equipment to maintain inside design temperature where the outside design temperature is lower than +20°F
Supply, return, and exhaust air systems serving the following areas
HVAC Equipment serving above areas
HVAC system impact on generator size
SECTION 5
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Recommended Elements
- Room Pressurization
- Case-1: Assuming 0.05” w.g. positive pressurization
- Case-2: Assume 0.1” w.g. positive pressurization
- For case-1: 1800 CFM leakage
- For case-2: 2530 CFM leakage
- Use of Variable Air Volume Supply and Return Systems
Caution
- Optimal Equipment Sizing
- Optimizing Air distribution and Reducing Pressure Drop
- Efficient Filtration
- Heat Recovery Devices
Caution
- Selecting High Efficiency Equipment
- Don’t Overcool the Spaces
Caution
- Challenge the room volume
- Consider Alternate Cooling Strategies
CONCLUSION
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