Saturday, April 21, 2012

HVAC ENGINEER'S HANDBOOK

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Preface
This book contains in a readily available form the data, charts and tables which are regularly required by heating by heating, ventilating and air conditioning engineers in their daily work
The data is presented in a concice manner to enable it to be applied directly in the actual daily work of the HVAC engineer.
The book is designed for everyday use and a comprehensive bibliography has been included for the benefit of those who wish to pursue the theoretical side of any particular topic

For this editon some errors have been corrected, the explanatory notes on the psychrometric chart been improved and the chart in previous editions has been replaced, with permission, by the well known CIBSE chart. Additional data has been include on design temperatures and ventilation rates and information has been inserted on precaution against legionellosis in both hot water systems and air conditioning plant.

The data on duct thicknesses and sizes has been revised to conform to current practice.
A new section has been included on natural ventilation and the information on types of refrigeration compressors has been expended.
The data on refrigerants has been completely revised to list the new non-CFC and non-HCFC refrigerants.
Practising engineers will still meet old plant which contains refrigerants which are now obsolete or obsolescent, and therefore the properties of the more important of these are also given.
The policy of previous editions of giving tabulated data in both SI and Imperial units has been continued although theoretical expression are generally given only in SI units.

Contents
1. Abbreviations, symbols and conversions
2. Standards for materials
3. Combustion
4. Heat and thermal properties of materials
5. Properties of steam and air
6. Heat losses
7. Cooling loads
8. Heating systems
9. Steam systems
10. Domestic services
11. Ventilation
12. Air conditioning
13. Pumps and fans
14. Sound
15. Labour rates
16. Bibliography
17. Standards
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Friday, April 20, 2012

Fundamentals of HVAC Controls

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HVAC systems are classified as either self-contained unit packages or as central systems. Unit package describes a single unit that converts a primary energy source (electricity or gas) and provides final heating and cooling to the space to be conditioned. Examples of self-contained unit packages are rooftop HVAC systems, air conditioning units for rooms, and air to-air heat pumps.

With central systems, the primary conversion from fuel such as gas or electricity takes place in a central location, with some form of thermal energy distributed throughout the building or facility. Central systems are a combination of central supply subsystem and multiple end use subsystems.

There are many variations of combined central supply and end use zone systems. The most frequently used combination is central hot and chilled water distributed to multiple fan systems. The fan systems use water-to-air heat exchangers called coils to provide hot and/or cold air for the controlled spaces. End-use subsystems can be fan systems or terminal units. If the end use
subsystems are fan systems, they can be single or multiple zone type. The multiple end use zone systems are mixing boxes, usually called VAV boxes.

Contents
Why Automatic Controls?
HVAC systems
How does central air-conditioning system work?
What Parameters are controlled?
Control Strategies
Where are HVAC controls required?
Benefits of a Control System
Control Basics
What is Control?
Elements of a Control System
Theory of Controls
Type of Control Systems
SENSORS
Type of Sensors
Classification of Sensors
Temperature Sensors
Electronic Sensors
Relative Humidity Sensors
Pressure Sensors
Flow Sensors
Air Flow Measurements
Dew Point Measurements
Liquid Level Measurements
CONTROLLERS
Controller Action
Identifying Reverse or Direct Action
CONTROLLER TYPES
RESET
CONTROLLED DEVICES
Control Valves
Coil Characteristics
Valve Characteristics
Sizing Control Valves
Dampers
Damper Applications
Actuators
Pumps & Fans Control
CONTROLLER RESPONSES
Two-Position Control
Floating DDC Control
Proportional Control
Proportional plus Integral (PI) Control
Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) Control
Stability of the System
DDC HVAC Systems
What is DDC?
DDC Terminology & Theory of Operation
DDC Hardware
The Control Network
Advantages of Using DDC
ENERGY SAVING FEATURES
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HVAC Acoustic Fundamentals

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Introduction
Occupant comfort is the goal of all HVAC designers. Sound (or noise) is a key parameter in measuring comfort, in addition to  temperature, humidity  and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). While acoustics consultants are usually involved in critical applications (such as performing arts centers), the task of creating a comfortable acoustic environment in most other applications falls on the HVAC engineer.  
This is because most background sound sources are generated by the HVAC equipment The purpose of this manual is to familiarize the designer will the basics of acoustics, and to apply these basics to typical HVAC designs.
Using This Manual The manual can be used as an application guide or as a primer for using the McQuay Acoustic Analyzer™ software program.   
The equations and approach described herein were used  in the creation of the Acoustic Analyzer program.      
Small differences can exist between the software and the manual because the Acoustic Analyzer program uses equations to estimate values as opposed to the tables listed in the manual. However, the difference in values will be very small. Examples that show how to perform some analyses are included in double lined boxes. Helpful tips are also provided.

Table of Contents
Introduction                                  
Using This Manual                                      
Sound Basics
General
Wavelength and Frequency                                                                             
Decibels
Sound Pressure vs. Sound Power                                                                               
Octave Bands                                       
Human Response to Sound                                      
Sound Pressure Evaluation Criteria                                        
Acceptable Sound Levels                                        
Sound Testing Methods                                       
HVAC Equipment Acoustics                                      
Calculating Sound Pressure from Sound Power                                        
Outdoor Sound Analysis                                  
General                                        
Outdoor Sound Analysis Basics                                       
Open Field Analysis                                       
Sound Barriers                                       
Reflecting Walls                                      
Indoor Sound Analysis – Zoned Comfort Systems                                    
General                                        
Sound in a Room                                        
Room Constant and Sound Absorption Coefficient                                        
Thompson and Schultz Equations                                       
Indoor Sound Analysis – Ducted Zoned Comfort Systems                                    
Radiated and Discharge Sound Power                                       
Multiple Path Concept                                       
Duct Sound Path                                       
Converting Ducted Sound Power to Sound Pressure                                       
Duct Breakout Sound Path                                        
Return Air Sound Path                                       
Diffuser Sound Path
Radiated Sound Path
Evaluating All the Sound Paths                                                                                                                      
Indoor Sound Analysis – Central Systems                                     
General                                        
Multiple Paths                                      
Central System Duct Sound Path                                       
Transmitted Sound                                       
Main Duct Breakout                                        
Return Air Path                                        
Evaluating Multiple Sound Paths and Locations                                        
Regenerated Noise                                    
General
Evaluating Regenerated Noise                                                                              
Conclusions                                    
Appendix 1  - References                                   
Appendix 2 – HVAC Equipment Sound Measurement Std
s                                  
General                                       
Appendix 3 – Various Acoustic Properties of Materials                                   
General
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HVAC Fundamentals

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Foreword
HVAC Fundamentals covers the full range of HVAC systems used in today’s facilities. This is a comprehensive book providing   the reader a detailed description of how HVAC systems operate. The HVAC systems are divided into components and controls for air, water, heating, ventilating and air conditioning to clearly illustrate the way in which each system, subsystem, control or   component contributes to providing the desired indoor environment.
The reader will learn why one component or system may be chosen over another with respect to design, application, energy   conservation, indoor air quality and cost. The book also covers heat flow fundamentals and the heat flow calculations used in
selecting equipment and determining system operating performance and costs. Fluid flow fundamentals and equations, and fundamentals of system testing and verification of system performance are also covered in this book. This gives the reader a   complete picture of systems from conception to operation. The chapters are organized in a way that one builds upon another and systems, components, design and application are revisited as the reader gains knowledge and insight about the workings   of HVAC systems.


Table of Contents

Chapter             1     HVAC Systems
Chapter             2     Heat   Flow
Chapter             3     Heating and Ventilating Systems
Chapter             4     Air   Conditioning   Systems
Chapter             5     Compressors
Chapter             6     Water Chillers
Chapter             7     Fans
Chapter             8     Air Distribution
Chapter             9     Variable Air Volume
Chapter            10     Pumps   and   Water   Distribution
Chapter            11     Control   Systems
Chapter            12     Control   System   Components
Chapter            13     Choosing an HVAC System
Chapter            14     Heat   Recovery
Chapter            15     Energy   Conservation   Opportunities
Chapter            16     Central Plant Water Chiller Optimization
Chapter            17     Fan Drives
Chapter            18     Terminology
Chapter            19     HVAC   Timeline
Index
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Thursday, April 19, 2012

COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS AND PRINCIPLES

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Cooling load calculations may be used to accomplish one or more of the following objectives:

     a)   Provide information for equipment selection, system sizing and system design.

     b)   Provide data for evaluating the optimum possibilities for load reduction.

     c)   Permit analysis of partial loads as required for system design, operation and control.

This course provides a procedure for preparing a manual calculation for cooling load.  A number of published methods, tables and charts from industry handbooks, manufacturer’s engineering data and manufacturer’s catalog data usually provide a good source of design information and criteria in the preparation of the HVAC load calculation.  It is not the intent of this course to duplicate this information but rather to extract appropriate data from these documents as well as provide a direction regarding the proper use or application of such data so that engineers and designers involved in preparing the calculations can make the appropriate decision and/or apply proper engineering judgment.
The course includes two example calculations for better understanding of the subject.



 TABLE OF CONTENTS

  1.0         OBJECTIVE
  2.0         TERMINOLOGY
  3.0          SIZING YOUR AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
                3.1          HEATING LOAD V/S COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS
  4.0         HEAT FLOW RATES
                4.1          SPACE HEAT GAIN
                4.2          SPACE HEAT GAIN V/S COOLING LOAD (HEAT STORAGE EFFECT)
                4.3          SPACE COOLING                 V/S COOLING LOAD (COIL)
  5.0         COMPONENTS OF COOLING LOAD
  6.0         COOLING LOAD CALCULATION METHOD
                6.1          ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF VARIOUS CALCULATION METHODS
  7.0         DESIGN INFORMATION
                7.1          OUTDOOR DESIGN WEATHER CONDITIONS
                7.2          INDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS AND THERMAL COMFORT
                7.3          INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND OUTDOOR AIR REQUIREMENTS
                7.4          BUILDING PRESSURIZATION
                7.5          BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
                7.6          OPERATING SCHEDULES
  8.0         COOLING LOAD METHODOLOGY – CONSIDERATIONS & ASSUMPTIONS
                8.1          THERMAL ZONING
  9.0         CLTD/SCL/CLF METHOD OF LOAD CALCULATION (ASHRAE FUNDAMENTALS 1997)
                9.1          EXTERNAL COOLING LOAD
                9.2          INTERNAL COOLING LOADS
                9.3          HEAT GAIN FROM MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
10.0           SUPPLY AIR CALCULATIONS
11.0          EXAMPLE
               11.1          COOLING LOAD EXAMPLE IN US UNITS
               11.2          COOLING LOAD EXAMPLE IN METRIC UNITS
12.0          COMPUTER PROGRAMS
               12.1          ELITE CHVAC
               12.2          TRACE® 700
13.0          REFERENCES
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HVAC DESIGN MANUAL 2011

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This manual is intended for the Architect/Engineer (henceforth referred to as the A/E) and others engaged in the design and renovation of VA facilities. VA Medical Centers are encouraged to use these criteria for Non-Recurring Maintenance (NRM) and Minor Construction Projects to ensure quality control and uniformity in design and construction practices and procedures.

Use of this manual shall result in meeting the primary objective of providing environmental comfort to veterans, employees, and visitors. The HVAC system shall be:

    • Technically correct, complete, and coordinated
    • In compliance with all applicable safety standards
    • Easily accessible for repairs and maintenance
    • Energy efficient
    • In compliance with prescribed noise and vibration levels

Deviations from this manual may be proposed to promote new concepts and design enhancements. Deviations shall not conflict with Federal Regulations, Public Laws, Executive Orders, or the needs of the end users. Any deviations are subject to review and written approval by the VA Project Manager in consultation with VA Consulting Support Service. For projects designed and contracted by the Office of Construction and Facilities Management, the VA Project Manager is the VA Authority.  Interfacing with the VA Medical Center shall be through the VA Project Manager or his/her assigned individuals.

Contents
CHAPTER 1:          HVAC DESIGN MANUAL

1.1                 INTRODUCTION
1.2                 COMPLIANCE
1.3                 ENERGY CONSERVATION
  1.3.1             ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1 – 2007
  1.3.2             ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1 – 2010
1.4                 MANDATED ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
  1.4.1             LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS – REQUIREMENTS
  1.4.2             LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS – METHODOLOGY
  1.4.3             ENERGY REDUCTION REQUIREMENT – NEW CONSTRUCTION
  1.4.4             ENERGY REDUCTION REQUIREMENT – MAJOR RENOVATIONS
  1.4.5             VA POLICY
1.4.5.1             Certification
1.5                 MEASUREMENT AND VERIFICATION
1.6                 ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES
1.7                 COMMISSIONING
1.8                 VA STANDARDS
  1.8.1             DESIGN MANUAL (by discipline) (PG-18-10)
  1.8.2             MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR A/E SUBMISSIONS (PG-18-15)
  1.8.3             MASTER CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS (PG-18-1)
  1.8.4             ARCHITECT ENGINEER REVIEW CHECKLIST
  1.8.5             DESIGN ALERTS
  1.8.6             A/E QUALITY ALERTS
  1.8.7             DESIGN GUIDES (graphical, by function) (PG-18-12)
  1.8.8             DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES (PG-18-3)
  1.8.9             STANDARD DETAIL AND CAD STANDARDS (PG-18-4)
1.8.10              PHYSICAL SECURITY DESIGN MANUAL FOR VA FACILITIES – MISSION
                    CRITICAL FACILITIES AND LIFE SAFETY PROTECTED FACILITIES
                    (FORMERLY CD-54)
1.8.11              COST ESTIMATING MANUAL
1.8.12               SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND ENERGY REDUCTION MANUAL
1.8.13              SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (STRUCTURAL) (H-18-18)
1.8.14              FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN MANUAL
1.8.15              BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL (BIM) GUIDE
1.9                 VA HOSPITAL BUILDING SYSTEM
1.10                COMPUTER AIDED FACILITIES MANAGEMENT (CAFM)
1.10.1              CAFM AND EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE UTILIZATION
1.10.1.1            Introduction
1.11                HVAC DESIGN MANUAL AND A/E SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS
                    (PG-18-15)
1.11.1              COORDINATION
1.11.2              COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
1.11.3              EQUIPMENT SCHEDULES
1.11.3.1            Order of Presentation
1.11.3.2            Equipment Capacity and Performance Data Requirements
1.11.3.3            Equipment Schedules – Glycol Data
APPENDIX 1-A: VA HOSPITAL BUILDING SYSTEM

HVAC DESIGN MANUAL 2011

CHAPTER 2:            HVAC DESIGN PARAMETERS AND SELECTION CRITERIA

2.1                   INTRODUCTION
2.2                   BASIS OF DESIGN
   2.2.1              OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS
   2.2.1.1            Cooling and Heating Load Calculations
   2.2.1.2            Cooling Tower Selection
   2.2.1.3            Preheat Coil Selection
   2.2.1.4            Electrical Heating Devices Using Emergency Power
   2.2.2              INDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS
   2.2.2.1            Indoor Minimum Relative Humidity
   2.2.3              COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS – PARAMETERS
   2.2.3.1            Occupancy
   2.2.3.2            Light and Power Loads
   2.2.3.3            Building Thermal Envelope
   2.2.3.4            Outdoor Air For Ventilation (Calculation Requirements)
   2.2.4              COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS
   2.2.4.1            Room Data Output
   2.2.4.2            AHU Peak Cooling Load
   2.2.4.3            AHU Peak Supply Air Volume
   2.2.4.4            AHU Supply Air Volume and Duct Leakage Factor 5
   2.2.4.5            Psychrometric Analysis
   2.2.4.6            Building Peak Cooling Load
   2.2.5              ROOM TEMPERATURE CONTROLS
   2.2.5.1            Definition
   2.2.5.2            Individually Temperature Controlled Spaces
   2.2.5.3            Group Temperature Control
   2.2.5.4            Open Spaces
   2.2.6              PERIMETER HEATING
   2.2.6.1            General
   2.2.6.2            Heating System Description
   2.2.6.3            Heating Medium
2.3                   SPECIAL STUDIES
   2.3.1              ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS
   2.3.1.1            General
   2.3.1.2            Acoustic Mitigation Measures – HVAC Systems (Not including
                      Cooling Towers)
   2.3.1.3            Acoustic Mitigation Measures – Cooling Towers
   2.3.1.4            Unitary Equipment
   2.3.2              DISPERSION ANALYSIS
   2.3.2.1            General
   2.3.2.2            Scope of Work
2.4                   BUILDING THERMAL ENVELOPE (EXISTING FACILITIES ONLY)
2.5                   BUILDING THERMAL ENVELOPE (NEW FACILITIES)
2.6                   VIBRATION CONTROL
2.7                   SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS
   2.7.1              GENERAL
   2.7.2              EXCEPTIONS
   2.7.3              CONFORMANCE WITH SMACNA
   2.7.4              CALCULATIONS
2.7.5                  DRAWINGS
    2.7.5.1            General
    2.7.5.2            Ductwork and Piping Plans and Sections
    2.7.5.3            Equipment Restraints
2.8                    FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION
2.8.1                  COMPLIANCE
2.8.2                  EQUIPMENT AND CRITERIA
    2.8.2.1            Smoke Dampers and Detectors
    2.8.2.2            Fire Dampers
    2.8.2.3            Stair Pressurization
    2.8.2.4            Engineered Smoke Control System
    2.8.2.5           Atrium Smoke Control System
    2.8.2.6            Elevator Shaft Venting
2.9                    DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS
2.9.1                  SITE SURVEY
    2.9.1.1            Site Visits
    2.9.1.2            Field Survey Report
    2.9.1.3           Additional Work
2.9.2                  MODIFICATIONS – EXISTING SYSTEMS
    2.9.2.1            Steam Radiators
    2.9.2.2            DDC Controls
    2.9.2.3            Existing Ductwork
    2.9.2.4            Refrigerant Removal
2.10                   PROJECT PLANNING
2.10.1                 PHASING
2.10.2                 UTILITY CONNECTIONS AND OUTAGES
2.11                   DEMOLITION WORK
2.12                   LOCATIONS OF OUTDOOR AIR INTAKES AND EXHAUST AIR OUTLETS
2.12.1                 COMPLIANCE – PHYSICAL SECURITY
2.12.2                 GENERAL
2.12.3                 COMMON OUTDOOR AIR INTAKE
2.13                   BID PACKAGE COORDINATION

CHAPTER 3:  AIRSIDE HVAC SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

3.1                    INTRODUCTION
3.2                   ALL-AIR SYSTEMS
3.2.1                  SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
    3.2.1.1            System Selection
    3.2.1.2            Maximum Capacity
    3.2.1.3           AHU Configuration
    3.2.1.4            Rooftop Air-Handling Units
    3.2.1.5            Supply Air Fan Selection
    3.2.1.6           Air Distribution
    3.2.1.7            Glycol
3.2.2                 ALL-AIR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
    3.2.2.1            Supply Air Fan(s)
    3.2.2.2            Return Air Fan(s
    3.2.2.3            Exhaust Fan(s)
    3.2.2.4            Motor Voltages
3.2.2.5           AHU Casing
   3.2.2.6           Access Sections and Mixing Box
   3.2.2.7            Blender Section
   3.2.2.8            Drain Pan
   3.2.2.9            Cooling Coils
3.2.2.10              Preheat Coils
3.2.2.11              Unit-Mounted Reheat Coils
3.2.2.12              Corrosion Protection – Coils
3.2.2.13              Filtration
3.2.2.14              Humidifiers – Steam
3.2.2.15              Humidifiers – Gas-Fired
3.2.3                ALL-AIR SYSTEM – TYPES
   3.2.3.1           Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems
   3.2.3.2            Constant Volume (CV) Systems
   3.2.3.3           Air Terminal Units
3.3                  TERMINAL COOLING AND HEATING SYSTEMS
3.3.1                 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
   3.3.1.1           Terminal Cooling Systems
   3.3.1.2            DX Terminal Units
   3.3.1.3            Fan Coil Units
   3.3.1.4            Minimum Ventilation Air
   3.3.1.5            Minimum Ventilation Air-Handling Units (100% Outdoor Air)
3.3.2                 FAN COIL UNITS – SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
   3.3.2.1            System Applications
   3.3.2.2            Cooling Coil Condensate Piping
   3.3.2.3            Filtration
   3.3.2.4           Acoustic Measures
   3.3.2.5            Controls
3.4                   HEATING AND VENTILATION UNITS (HVU)
3.4.1                 DESIGN PARAMETERS
   3.4.1.1           Total Air Changes per Hour
   3.4.1.2            Heating Mode
3.4.2                 CENTRAL VENTILATION AND/OR HEATING SYSTEM
3.4.3                 SPLIT-FUNCTION OR SEPARATE HEATING AND VENTILATION
                      SYSTEM
3.5                   SUPPLY AIR OUTLETS
3.6                   HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS
3.6.1                 SENSIBLE HEAT TRANSFER
   3.6.1.1            Runaround System
   3.6.1.2            Fixed-Plate System (Air-to-Air)
   3.6.1.3            Heat Pipes
   3.6.1.4            Heat Wheel
3.6.2                 SENSIBLE AND LATENT HEAT TRANSFER
   3.6.2.1            Desiccant (Enthalpy) Heat Wheels
3.6.3                 LOAD CREDIT
3.6.4                 EXCEPTIONS – HEAT RECOVERY EQUIPMENT
3.7                   EXHAUST SYSTEMS
3.7.1                 GENERAL EXHAUST SYSTEM
   3.7.1.1           Applications – Individual Spaces
   3.7.1.2           Applications – Air-Handling Unit Systems
3.7.2              SPECIAL EXHAUST SYSTEM – APPLICATIONS
   3.7.2.1           Dry Exhaust Systems
   3.7.2.2           Wet Exhaust Systems
3.8                  FUME HOOD EXHAUST SYSTEMS
  3.8.1              GENERAL
  3.8.2              SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
  3.8.3              COMPLIANCE
  3.8.4              BASIS OF DESIGN (H3 AND H7 HOODS)
   3.8.4.1           General
   3.8.4.2           Specific Requirements
  3.8.5              H14 HOODS
  3.8.6              EXHAUST AIR VOLUME
  3.8.7              EXHAUST SYSTEM DESIGN
   3.8.7.1           Constant Volume (CV) Design
   3.8.7.2           Variable Air Volume (VAV) Hoods (General Purpose and Chemical
                     Hoods and Radioisotope Hoods Only)
3.9                  BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINETS (BSC)
  3.9.1              COMPLIANCE
  3.9.2              CABINET CLASSIFICATION
   3.9.2.1           Class I Cabinets
   3.9.2.2           Class II Cabinets
  3.9.3              BIOLOGICAL SAFETY LEVEL 3 (BSL3)
3.10                 DESIGN CRITERIA – AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
3.10.1               DUCT DESIGN – GENERAL
3.10.1.1             Compliance
3.10.1.2             Duct Materials
3.10.1.3             Duct Selection Criteria
3.10.1.4             Mandatory Requirement
3.10.1.5             Duct Pressure Classification
3.10.1.6             Flexible Ducts
3.10.1.7             Underground Ducts
3.10.1.8             Shielded Ducts
3.10.1.9             Minimum Duct Size
3.10.2               LIMITING DUCT SIZING PARAMETERS
APPENDIX 3-A:            BIO-SAFETY LEVEL 3 (BSL3) FACILITIES

CHAPTER 4:  BUILDING COOLING AND HEATING SYSTEM

4.1                   INTRODUCTION
4.2                  COOLING SYSTEMS – CHILLED WATER
  4.2.1              CENTRAL CHILLED WATER PLANTS and SMALL CHILLED WATER
                     SYSTEMS
   4.2.1.1           General
   4.2.1.2           Chilled Water Optimization Study – Central Plants and Small Systems
   4.2.1.3           Central Chilled Water Plant Sizing
   4.2.1.4           Maximum Chiller Capacity
   4.2.1.5           Standby Chiller Capacity
   4.2.1.6           Small Chilled Water Systems
   4.2.1.7           Minimum System Volume – Small Chilled Water Systems
   4.2.1.8           Minimum Performance Compliance (ASHRAE Standard 90.1 – 2007)
4.2.2              CHILLED WATER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
   4.2.2.1           Chilled and Condenser Water Pumps
   4.2.2.2           Cooling Towers
   4.2.2.3           Water Treatment – Chilled Water System
   4.2.2.4           Water Treatment – Condenser Water System
  4.2.3              PIPING AND PUMPING ARRANGEMENT
   4.2.3.1           Constant Volume System
   4.2.3.2           Variable Flow Systems – Chilled Water
  4.2.4              CHILLED WATER FREEZE PROTECTION – PROPYLENE GLYCOL
   4.2.4.1           VA Policy
   4.2.4.2           Freeze Protection Measures
4.3                  COOLING SYSTEMS – DIRECT EXPANSION (DX)
  4.3.1              GENERAL
  4.3.2              SELECTION CRITERIA
  4.3.3              DX SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
   4.3.3.1           Refrigerant Piping
   4.3.3.2           Multiple Compressors
   4.3.3.3           System Controls
4.4                  HEATING SYSTEMS
  4.4.1              STEAM HEATING SYSTEM
   4.4.1.1           General
   4.4.1.2           Steam Pressure Classification
   4.4.1.3           Steam Pressure Requirements
   4.4.1.4           Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) Stations – Section Guidelines
   4.4.1.5           Steam System Components and Procedures
  4.4.2              HYDRONIC HOT WATER SYSTEMS
   4.4.2.1           General
   4.4.2.2           Hot Water Source – Steam
   4.4.2.3           Hot Water Source – Hot Water Boilers
   4.4.2.4           Hot Water Design Temperature
   4.4.2.5           Fuel Selection
   4.4.2.6           Hot Water Piping and Pumping
   4.4.2.7           Freeze Protection – Hot Water
   4.4.2.8           Terminal Units
  4.4.3              ELECTRICAL HEATING SYSTEMS
   4.4.3.1           General
   4.4.3.2           Applications
4.4.3.3.             Controls
  4.4.4              GAS HEATING SYSTEMS
   4.4.4.1           General
   4.4.4.2           Applications
  4.4.5              GEOTHERMAL HEATING
4.5                  DESIGN CRITERIA – PIPING SYSTEMS
  4.5.1              PIPE DESIGN – GENERAL
   4.5.1.1           Pipe Selection Criteria
   4.5.1.2           Minimum Pipe Size
   4.5.1.3           Mandatory Requirements
   4.5.1.4           Miscellaneous Requirements
  4.5.2              LIMITING PIPE SIZING PARAMETERS
APPENDIX 4-A:            PROPYLENE GLYCOL – WATER SOLUTION

CHAPTER 5:           AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROLS

5.1                  GENERAL
5.2                  BASIC DESIGN
  5.2.1              NEW FACILITY OR RENOVATION
5.2.1.1              Option 1
5.2.1.2              Option 2
5.2.1.3              Option 3
5.2.1.4              Option 4
5.2.1.5              Option 5
5.3                  BACNET CONTROLLER IDENTIFICATION
5.4                  SPECIFIC REQUIRMENTS
  5.4.1              CONTROL ACTUATORS
  5.4.2              CONTROL VALVES
  5.4.3              CONTROL DAMPERS
  5.4.4              END-SWITCHES
  5.4.5              SAFETIES
  5.4.6              CONTROL WIRING
  5.4.7              AIR FLOW MEASURING STATIONS
  5.4.8              PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)
  5.4.9              LAPTOP COMPUTER
5.4.10               SOFTWARE
5.4.11               COLOR GRAPHICS
5.4.12               SPREADSHEETS
5.4.13               SECURITY
5.4.14               STATUS MONITORING
5.4.15               ROOM TEMPERATURE SENSORS
5.5                  HUMIDITY SENSORS
  5.5.1              METERING REQUIREMENTS
5.6                  SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
  5.6.1              GENERAL
  5.6.2              AIRESIDE CONTROLS
5.6.2.1              Air-Handling Units
5.6.2.2              Individual Room Temperature or Pressure Control
  5.6.3              HEATING SYSTEM CONTROLS
  5.6.4              CHILLED WATER SYSTEM CONTROLS
  5.6.5              NON-DDC CONTROLS
5.7                  DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
  5.7.1              SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND CONTROL SEQUENCE
  5.7.2              POINT LIST

CHAPTER 6:           APPLICATIONS

6.1                  GENERAL
6.2                  DEDICATED AIR-HANDLING UNITS
6.3                  COMMON (NON-DEDICATED) AIR-HANDLING UNITS
  6.3.1              COMMON ROOMS
6.3.1.1              Patient Examination, Treatment, and Procedure Rooms
6.3.1.2              Non- Patient Rooms – Support Areas
6.3.1.3              Non Patient Rooms – Miscellaneous Areas
6.4                   GENERAL NOTES
6.4.1                 INDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS
6.4.1.1               Common Design Conditions
6.4.2                 AIR BALANCE
6.4.2.1               Definitions
6.4.2.2               Design Considerations
6.4.3                 INDIVIDUAL ROOM CONTROL
6.4.3.1               Individual Room Control
6.4.4                 EXHAUST CLASSIFICATION AND DESIGNATION
                      ROOM DATA SHEETS

DEDICATED AHU SYSTEM DATA SHEETS AND ROOM DATA SHEETS
ANIMAL RESEARCH AND HOLDING AREAS – AIR HANDLING UNIT
                      AHU System Data Sheet
ANIMAL RESEARCH AND HOLDING AREAS – ROOM DATA SHEET
                      Animal Receiving and Examination Room
                      Animal Room (Cubical Housing)                    
                      Animal Room (Large Animal Room) 
                      Animal Room (Small Animal Room)                       
                      Animal Treatment Room                
                      Cage Wash Room
                      Cage Wash Room (with Tunnel Washer)                           
                      Carcass and Waste Storage                  
                      Clean Cage Storage Room 
                      Cold Room
                      Diagnostic Laboratory 
                      Diet Kitchen
                      Dry Feed and Bed Storage
                      Environmental Laboratory 
                      Equipment Storage 
                      Hazardous Waste Disposal Room
                      Incinerator Room
                      Necropsy
                      Procedural Laboratory (Barrier Suite)
                      Procedural Laboratory (Chemical/Radioisotope)                             
                      Procedural Laboratory (Infectious Disease)                        
                      Procedural Laboratory (Standard)
                      Quarantine Room
ANIMAL SURGICAL SUITE AND RABBIT HOLDING AREAS – ROOM DATA SHEET
                      Animal Operating Room (Survival)
                      Animal Operating Room (Terminal)
                      Animal Surgical Preparation Room
                      Control Booth
                      Corridors
                      Dark Room
                      Holding Area – Rabbits
                      Post Operative Intensive Care
                      Radiographic Room
                      Scrub and Gown
                      Surgical Work and Supply
ATRIUM – AIR HANDLING UNIT
                    AHU System Data Sheet
AUDITORIUMS AND THEATERS – AIR HANDLING UNIT
                    AHU System Data Sheet
AUTOPSY SUITE – AIR HANDLING UNIT
                    AHU System Data Sheet
AUTOPSY – ROOM DATA SHEET
                    Autopsy Room
                    Gross Specimen Storage Room
                     Non-Refrigerated Body-Holding Room 
DINING AREA (CAFETERIA) – AIR HANDLING UNIT
                    AHU System Data Sheet
EMERGENCY CARE UNIT – AIR HANDLING UNIT
                    AHU System Data Sheet
EMERGENCY CARE UNIT – ROOM DATA SHEET
                     Emergency Waiting Room
                     Examination Room
                     Life Support Unit
                     Nurses Station
                    Observation/Treatment
GYMNASIUM – AIR HANDLING UNIT
                    AHU System Data Sheet
IMAGING SERIES – AIR HANDLING UNIT
                    AHU System Data Sheet
IMAGING SERIES (MRI UNIT) – ROOM DATA SHEET
                     MRI Control Room
                     MRI Scanning Room 
                     MRI Systems Component Room
                     MRI Visiting Area
IMAGING SERIES (NUCLEAR MEDICINE SERVICES) – ROOM DATA SHEET
                     Bone Densitometry Room
                     Nuclear Medicine Scanning Room (Patient Examination Room)
                     Nuclear Pharmacy Laboratory (Hot Laboratory) Storage and
                     Preparation Area
                     Patient Dose Administration
                     PET/CT Control
                     PET/CT Scanning Room
                     PET/CT System Component Room
IMAGING SERIES (RADIATION THERAPY SERVICES) – ROOM DATA SHEET
                    CT Simulator Control Area
                    CT Simulator Unit Room
                     Linear Accelerator Room/Control Area
                    Treatment Planning Computer Room - Dosimetry Room
                     Ultrasound Planning Unit Room
IMAGING SERIES (RADIOLOGY SERVICES) – ROOM DATA SHEET
                    CT Area - Control Room
                    CT Area - Scanning Room
                     IR Area - Special Procedure (SP) Control Room
                     IR Area - SP Room
                     IR Area - SP System Component Room
                     Patient Area - Chest Room
Patient Area - General Purpose Radiology Room
                     Patient Area - Mammography Room
                     Patient Area - Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Room
                     Patient Area - Ultrasound Room
                     Radiology Waiting Room
KITCHEN (FOOD PRODUCTION) – AIR HANDLING UNIT
                     AHU System Data Sheet
LABORATORIES – AIR HANDLING UNIT
                     AHU System Data Sheet
LABORATORIES – ROOM DATA SHEET
                     Bacteriology
                     Biochemistry
                     Cytology
                     Dry Laboratories
                     Glass Washing
                     Histology
                     Media Transfer
                     Microbiology
                     Pathology
                     Serology
                     Sterilizing
MAIN COMPUTER ROOM - AIR CONDITIONING UNIT (CRAC Units)
                     AHU System Data Sheet
MAIN ENTRANCE LOBBY - AIR HANDLING UNIT
                     AHU System Data Sheet 
NURSING WING - AIR HANDLING UNIT
                     AHU System Data Sheet
NURSING WING - ROOM DATA SHEET
                     Intensive Care Units (ICU)
                     Litter Bath
                     Nurses Station
                     Patient Bedrooms
                     Patient Bedrooms (Acute Respiratory)
                     Patient Bedrooms (Psychiatric Ward)
                     Toilets - Patients (Interior)
                     Toilets - Patients (Perimeter)
PHARMACY SERVICE - AIR HANDLING UNIT
                     AHU System Data Sheet 
PHARMACY SERVICE - ROOM DATA SHEET
                     Ante Room (Hazardous Clean Room)
                     Ante Room (Non-Hazardous Clean Room)
                     Clean Room (Hazardous Applications)
                     Clean Room (Non-Hazardous Applications)
                     Controlled Substance Vault and Secured Dispensing/Receiving
                     Area
                     Dispensing, Pre-Packing, and EXTEMP
                     Drug Information Service
                     EXTEMP Repacking and Compounding
                     Medicine Assignment and Stat Counter
                     Prescription Receiving, Filling Assembly
                     Production Area – CMOP
Unit Dose and Ward Stock 
SPINAL CORD INJURY/DISORDERS CENTER - AIR HANDLING UNIT
                      AHU System Data Sheet 
SPINAL CORD INJURY/DISORDERS CENTER - ROOM DATA SHEET
                      Activities of Daily Living 
                      Activities of Daily Living - Toilet
                      Acute Care Ante Room            
                      Acute Care Isolation - Negative Air Balance
                      Acute Care Isolation - Positive Air Balance 
                      Acute Care One Bedroom
                      Acute Care Two Bedroom
                      Acute Respiratory One Bedroom
                      Corridor
                      Day Room/Lounge
                      Home Environment Learning
                             Bathroom
                             Bedroom 
                             Kitchen
                             Living/Dining
                      Hydrotherapy/Tubroom
                      Internet Cafe
                      Litter Storage
                      Main Entrance and Canopy Section 
                      Multipurpose Room
                      Nourishment Kitchen
                      Nurse Station/Ward Clerk
                      Outpatient Urodynamics Clinic Clean Utility Room
                      Patient (Litter) Bathroom
                      Resident Dining/Serving
                      Resident Storage
                      Spinal Cord Injury/Disorders - Long Term Care
                            Computer Lab
                             (On Unit) Resident Dining Serving
                            One-Bed Room
                             PET/KT/OT Clinic
                             Recreation Therapy
                            Special Care Room
                            Two-Bed Room
                            Visitor Lounge
                      Therapeutic Pool
                      Therapeutic Pool - Female Dressing Room
                      Therapeutic Pool - Male Dressing Room
                      Therapy Rooms
                             Kinesiotherapy Treatment Clinic
                            Occupational Therapy
                             Physical/Kinesiology Therapy 30 Beds
                             Physical/Kinesiology Therapy 60 Beds
                             Physical Therapy Treatment Clinic
                      Transfer Equipment Storage
Urodynamic Rooms
                             Cystoscopy/Lithotripsy
                             Dressing Room/Cubicle 
                             Exam/Treatment Room
                             Instrument Cleaning Room
                             Nurse Station
                             Recovery Room 
                             Storage Room
                             Urologist Office
STANDALONE SMOKING FACILITY - AIR HANDLING UNIT
                      AHU System Data Sheet 
SUPPLY PROCESSING AND DISTRIBUTION (SPD) - AIR HANDLING UNIT
                      AHU System Data Sheet 
SPD CLEAN - ROOM DATA SHEET
                      Ante Room
                      Assistant Chief
                      Bulk Storage
                      Case Cart Holding
                      Chief
                      Clean HAC
                      Clean Lockers – Men
                      Clean Lockers – Women
                      Clean Toilet/Showers – Men
                      Clean Toilet/Showers – Women
                      Dispatch Area
                      ETO Sterilizer/Aerator Room
                      First Clerk Office
                      Non Sterile Storage
                      PPE
                      Preparation, Assembly, and Sterilization Area
                      Receiving & Breakout
                      Satellite SPD Storage
                      Scope Storage Room
                      Staff Breakroom/Conference
                      Sterile Storage
SPD SOILED (DIRTY) - ROOM DATA SHEET
                      Automatic Cart Washer
                      Decontamination Ante Room
                      Decontamination Area
                      Decontamination HAC
                      Decontamination Lockers/PPE Ante Room
                      Decontamination Lockers – Men
                      Decontamination Lockers – Women
                      Decontamination Toilet/Shower – Men
                      Decontamination Toilet/Shower – Women
                      Detergent and Water Treatment
                      Endoscope Processing/High Level Disinfection
                      Manual Equipment Wash
                      Sterilizer Equipment Room
SURGICAL SUITE - AIR HANDLING UNIT
                      AHU System Data Sheet
SURGICAL SUITE - ROOM DATA SHEET
                      Anesthesia Workroom & Equipment
                      Clean Core
                      Controls & Communication Center
                      Cystoscopic Rooms
                       Frozen Section Laboratories
                      Gas Cylinder Storage Room
                       Heart Lung Machine Preparation
                       Instrument Preparation and Storage
                       Nerve Block Induction Room
                      Operating Rooms
                       Plaster Splint Storage
                       Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU)
                       Radiographic Film Processing Room
                      Semi-Restricted Corridor
                      Soiled Holding/Disposal Room
                      Sub-Sterile Room

COMMON (NON-DEDICATED AHU) ROOM DATA SHEETS
PATIENT EXAMINATION, TREATMENT, AND PROCEDURE ROOMS - ROOM DATA SHEET
                      Audiology Office/Therapy Room
                      Audiometric
                       Blood Draw Room
                       Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Suite 
                              Donors Room
                              Medication Preparation Room
                              Patient Rooms
                              Recovery Rooms
                       Dental Suite
                             Ceramic Room
                             Oral Surgery Recovery Room
                             Oral Surgery Room
                              Prosthetic Laboratory
                             Treatment Operatory
                       Examination Rooms
                       Isolation Rooms
                             Airborne Infection Isolation (AII) (Negative Air Pressure)
                                    AII Ante Room (Optional) 
                                    AII Isolation Room            
                              Combination Airborne Infection Isolation/Protective Environment
                              (AII/PE) 
                                    AII/PE Ante Room
                                    AII/PE Isolation Room
                              Protective Environment (PE) (Positive Air Pressure)
                                     PE Ante Room (Optional) 
                                     PE Isolation Room 
                      Orthopedic Clinic (Cast Room)
                       Procedure Room/Class A Operating 
                       Pulmonary Exercise Room
                      Special Procedure Rooms
                             Aerosolized Pentamidine
Bronchoscopy
                            Cardiac Catheterization
                            Colonoscopy/EGD
                            Cystoscopy
                             Endoscopy
                             Fluoroscopy
                            Gastrointestinal
                             Proctoscopy
                            Sigmoidoscopy
                            Sputum Collection
                      Therapy Rooms
                             Hydrotherapy/Therapeutic Pool
                             Kinesiotherapy
                            Occupational Therapy
                             Physical Therapy
                      Treatment Rooms
                            Chemotherapy
                             Dermatology
                             Phototherapy/Shower Room
                      Tub Room
                     Ventilatory Test Room
                     Visual Field/Photography Room
                     Vital Signs Station
NON PATIENT ROOMS - SUPPORT AREAS - ROOM DATA SHEET
                     Admission and Main Waiting                
                      Barber Shop
                      Chapel 
                      Class Room     
                      Conference Room 
                      Corridors 
                      Dressing Room 
                      Gift Shop (Retail Store) 
                      Library
                      Locker Room (with Toilets)
                      Locker Room (without Toilets)
                      Lounge
                      Medical Media Service (MMS)
                            Audio Visual Storage/Checkout
                            Camera Copy
                            Client Review Room
                            Computer Imaging System Network
                             Darkroom (Printing/Enlarging)
                             Expanded Core - Illustration Room
                             Expanded Core - Stat Camera
                             Photo Finishing
                             Photo Studio/Audio Visual Recording
                             Photomicrography
                            Video Editing CCTV Control Room
                      Medical Records 
                      Medication Room 
                      Multipurpose Room
offices
                      Pool Dressing/Toilet/Shower-Male/Female
                      Toilets - Public (Interior) 
                      Toilets - Public (Perimeter)
NON PATIENT ROOMS - MISCELLANEOUS AREAS - ROOM DATA SHEET
                      Attic Space 
                      Audiology Instrument Calibration and Repair Shop
                      Battery Charging Room 
                      Biomedical Instrument Repair Shop 
                      Clean Utility/Storage Room 
                      Computer Lab Room 
                      Copy/Printing Room (Large)
                      Copy/Printing Room (Small)
                      Crawl Space (Pipe Basement)                 
                      Electrical Equipment Rooms (EER)
                             Electrical Equipment Closets without Internal Heat Gain
                             Satellite and Main Electrical Rooms with Internal Heat Gain
                      Elevator Machine Room 
                      Engineering Control Center Room
                      Engineering Shops (Maintenance)
                      Exterior Stairs 
                      Housekeeping Aid Closet (HAC) 
                      Kitchenette
                      Litter Storage 
                      Loading Dock 
                      Maintenance Garages
                      Mechanical Equipment Rooms (MER)
                             Air Handling Equipment Rooms 
                             Heating Rooms 
                             Refrigeration Equipment Rooms 
                      Reagent Grade Water Treatment Room
                      Soiled Utility and Storage Room
                      Standby Generator Room               
                      Trash Collection Room
                      Vestibules   
                      Walk-in Refrigerator and Freezers
                      Warehouse (Central) with Pharmacy 

CHAPTER 7:            CLIMATIC DATA

Table 7-1:            CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Table 7-2:            HIGH HUMIDITY LOCATIONS
Table 7-3:            LOW HUMIDITY LOCATIONS
CHAPTER 8:            ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES

8.1                   ABBREVIATIONS
8.2                   REFERENCES
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